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… of study programmes. For admission to a University of Applied Sciences, students need a secondary vocational (middelbare beroepsonderwijs, mbo) or senior general secondary (hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs, havo) qualification. In contrast, the requirements for admission to academic education is a pre-university (voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs, vwo) qualification or, alternatively, one year of preparatory study (the hbo propedeuse) at a University of Applied Sciences.7 3.2 Degree … rather, 5.5) being the threshold that allows students to pass an exam or a course. 1-3 are hardly ever awarded, and 9-10 are very rare (<3%). The distinction cum laude can be awarded to excellent students (around 10%). Universities may have their own requirements but generally want to see an average grade of 8 or higher. There is much talk about the propensity of students to ‘scrape by on a six’ (zesjescultuur). 22 a beginner’s guide to dutch academia ‘There is the zesjesmentaliteit, “sixes … beginning. Students are quite used to having all bibliographies one click away, and to downloading all PowerPoints, but they’re not very used to finding their own material. Bachelor theses are quite basic in my opinion, so you need to double check the requirements with your coordinator.’ ‘Teaching can be challenging from a cultural point of view. I would advise newcomers to ask colleagues for basic tips to start with (especially colleagues from abroad who have been teaching for some time in the …
… from wind, Jose, 2009) or heat stress relief around the house by regulated microclimate (Martinelli et al., 2019). More income-related motivations for agroforestry uptake are increased yields and lowered labour costs (Oliva Oller et al., 2022), fewer requirements of external inputs like pesticides or fertilisers (Cardozo et al., 2015; Fahmi et al., 2018), while income increases (Duguma, 2013). Regarding smallholder farmers, Cechin et al. (2021) find agroforestry systems to bear financial risks, due … (Assé & Lassoie, 2011) higher than men, who prefer commercial over subsistence use (Kiptot, 2015; Mulyoutami et al., 2015; Sari et al., 2020). Female farmers are also more aware of the risks of agroforestry, such as additional work and financial requirements (Akpabio & Ibok, 2009; Bourne et al., 2015). Women around Mount Elgon also perceived agroforestry (long-term) benefits sooner than men, and agroforestry was preferred to crop by female household-heads, contrary to male household-heads … databases (SCOPUS, Web of Science, JSTOR, and GreenFile) and the international journal Agroforestry Systems. The search was based on accessibility and two combinations of keywords (see Table 2 for the example of SCOPUS) adapted to the databases´ requirements for keywords, regarding whole phrases, wildcards, and so forth, and requiring words directly related to agroforestry to be in the title if possible. After a screening of titles and abstracts to exclude obviously irrelevant literature, 181 …
… Type of sustainability initiatives Explanation Voluntary Sustainability Standards (VSS) “Programmatic in nature, and consist of different interlocking mechanisms of which the most important are standards (codes of conduct), internal management system requirements to allow for group certification, traceability requirements, and systems, independent verification, and consumer facing labels” (Ingram et al., 2018, p.3). They mostly take the form of certification schemes (Ingram et al., 2018). Individual corporate initiatives “A form of corporate social … to answer the research question should be able to take a broad, holistic perspective towards the cocoa sector and its activities. Furthermore, it should be actionable as the research aims to provide recommendations to practitioners. In line with these requirements, a food systems approach was taken to analyse the data. According to van Berkum et al. (2018), analysing problems using the food systems approach can ensure sustainable solutions. The triple bottom approach is considered (Ericksen, 2008) …
… (oral or poster) of the PhD research at a national or international congress; two or more presentations at the annual MHeNs Research Day; participation in two or more MHeNs Topics in Translational Neuroscience workshops. There are separate requirements for the MHeNs certificate and the EURON certificate; it is possible to obtain both. For the EURON certificate the most important requirement is a scientific exchange visit(s), related to the PhD Master Physician-Clinical Investigator … progress or improve communication within the research team. Via TRACK document folders as well as via the MHeNs website promovendi have access to all information needed at each stage of the PhD trajectory: end-terms, UM dissertation regulations, requirements for obtaining the MHeNs education certificate, etc. Additional information is regularly forwarded to them by the PhD coordinator and the MHeNs office. The quality of the PhD dissertation is guaranteed by MHeNs guidelines (3-4 published/ …