The participants charted their laundry habits and temperature control using measuring devices, diaries and questionnaires. “That was quite unique”, says Vasseur. “You’re asking people to be guinea pigs in their own homes.” Next, the participants were challenged to lower the temperature of their living rooms and bedrooms for four weeks and to do fewer loads of laundry.

The results have since been published. In all 16 labs, the majority of households reduced the indoor temperature by at least one degree Celsius, amounting to an annual energy saving of 6 percent. They also did one load of laundry fewer per week. Scaled up to all Dutch households, this represents an annual saving of 20.6 million cubic metres of water (almost 8000 Olympic swimming pools) and 15 million litres of laundry products, plus energy savings equivalent to the annual consumption of 140,000 households. In short: small behavioural changes can lead to significant energy savings.

Homely feeling

The cultural differences between the participating countries were striking. Take the average home temperature. Scholl: “In the Netherlands it’s around 20 degrees, but in Hungary it’s 24 degrees. There, feeling at home means having few clothes on.” Gender differences also played a role, Vasseur says. “In the Netherlands and England, it’s often the woman who determines what a pleasant temperature is; in the other countries, it’s usually the man. In Hungary more than 90 percent of the women are responsible for the laundry, whereas this share is declining in the Netherlands.” There are also indications that a sense of group belonging encourages more energy-efficient behaviour.

Participants were primed to be more energy-conscious, Vasseur adds. “They stopped throwing a jumper in the wash automatically, and started asking the question: does it smell or not?” They also gained a better understanding of how heating systems work. “They began to see the body as a source of heat. That was also one of our slogans: keep your body warm, not the space.”

The most important finding was that households did not experience more inconvenience or less comfort while reducing their energy consumption. “So you can teach people new norms in their everyday lives. Then they’re more likely to look for other solutions before they turn up the heating. Shouldn’t the couch be closer to the radiator than to the window? Within four weeks the energy reduction had become a habit”, Scholl says. Vasseur emphasises the permanence of the behavioural change. “After three months, we monitored the households again and saw that they had assimilated the new norms and values.” Cultural change, in other words, is the key to a successful energy transition.

ENERGISE further demonstrates that the living lab is a suitable research method for fostering energy reduction. “There were clear objectives and the participants were given complete freedom in how to reach them. In living labs, it’s the participants themselves who design their own solutions”, Scholl says. Although it does require a special attitude of the researcher, says Vasseur. “You build a closer relationship, adopt the role of listener.” Scholl: “It’s an important lesson: behavioural change arises from everyday life, and is only permanent if you give people the time and space to experiment.”

Rediscovering home

Have the researchers changed their own habits? Vasseur: “I was shocked that one drying cycle uses the same amount of energy as four washes. These days I rarely use the dryer; I hang up the laundry instead.” Scholl: “What’s great about a project like this is that you start questioning your own household. Should we change the light? What is it that really makes you feel at home? When it comes to energy issues, you’re constantly rediscovering your house.”