Research clusters

The researchers of the cluster European Policy and Governance concentrate on the contemporary events, developments and debates related to the process of European public policy and governance along all three main dimensions of the EU political system:

1. Polity: the processes of policy-making in the complex European multilevel governance, and the (supranational and domestic) institutional structures forming the framework for political action, including normative aspects and dynamics of decision-making;
2. Politics: an understanding of who gets what when and how, with a focus on stakeholders and their agendas, strategies employed to work towards favoured outcomes and the sequencing of time-dependent actions;
3. Policy: the content of the decision-making across different policy domains and stages in the policy-making process.

In doing so, we focus on critical interactions between the actors involved – both horizontally in the form of the interplay between public and private actors, as well as vertically between the international, EU and national level. Key in most of our research projects is a legitimacy and/or politicisation angle. Our researchers are particularly specialized in the transport, social, trade, cohesion, anticorruption, chemical, health, financial/banking, budget, higher education, and energy policy sectors. Additionally, we provide key expertise in the implementation and evaluation stages of the policy process. Core institutions covered by our team members are European Commission, the European (and national) Parliament(s), the Court of Auditors, the Ombudsman, and EU agencies.

Key publications:

• Buntinx, A-C., & Colli, F. (2022). Moral policy entrepreneurship: the role of NGOs in the EU’s external human rights policy towards China. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 30(3), 552-565. https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2021.196368
• Colli, F., & Adriaensen, J. (2020). Lobbying the state or the market? A framework to study civil society organizations’ strategic behavior. Regulation & Governance, 14(3), 501-513. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12227
• De Ruiter, R., & Neuhold, C. (2021). Subsidiarity watchdogs and the kennel of trilogues: when do they bark? The role of National Parliaments in trilogue negotiations. Journal of European Public Policy, 28(1), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2020.1859593
• Năstase, A., & Muurmans, C. (2020). Regulating lobbying activities in the European Union: A voluntary club perspective. Regulation & Governance, 14(2), 238-255. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12200
• Raudla, R. & Spendzharova, A. (2022) “Challenges to the European single market at thirty: renationalisation, resilience, or renewed integration? Introduction to the Special Issue”, Journal of European Integration, 44(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.2011263
• Reiners, K. & Versluis, E. (2022): NGOs as new Guardians of the Treaties? Analysing the effectiveness of NGOs as decentralised enforcers of EU law, Journal of European Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2084146
• Stephenson, P. (2022) ‘The Physical Completion of the EU’s Single Market: Trans-European Networks as Experimentalist Governance?’, in Spendzharova, A and Raudla, R. (eds.) Journal of European Integration, 44(1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2021.2011268
• Stevens, F., & De Bruycker, I. (2020). Influence, affluence and media salience: Economic resources and lobbying influence in the European Union. European Union Politics, 21(4), 728-750. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465116520944572

The research in this cluster falls along three broad lines: (i) EU rule promotion and contestation in the European neighbourhood; (ii) diplomacy, bureaucracy and culture in EU foreign policy; and (iii) the EU and the future of global rules and multilateralism.

EU rule promotion and contestation in the European neighbourhood: Research focuses on EU policies toward the EU’s closer and wider neighbourhood (Middle East and North Africa, the Eastern Partnership (EaP), Central Asia), including democracy promotion, trade, finance, energy, migration as well as security and defense. Research also explores the ‘internal-external’ nexus in the EU’s policies as well as the domestic and external contestation of EU rules in the neighbourhood.

Diplomacy, bureaucracy and culture in EU foreign policy: Research focuses on values-interest intersections in EU foreign policy, ethics of European foreign policy and the role of strategic and diplomatic culture(s) in EU foreign policy. Other themes comprise the legitimacy, transparency and (democratic) accountability of EU foreign, security and defence policy, and the role of bureaucrats, experts, lobby groups and other non-state actors in EU foreign policy-making.

The EU and the future of global rules and multilateralism: Research focuses on the EU, international organisations and challenges to the liberal global order. The main themes include the EU’s role in international security, peace-building and conflict management, and the EU and international rules and regimes inter alia in trade, finance, development, energy, environment, health and migration. Research addresses EU relations with the world (e.g. Africa, Americas, Asia), multilateralism and comparative regionalism as well as the history of rule-based global order and the (contested) authority of regional and international organisations. A focus is also placed on examining Europe and global regulation of innovations related to digitalisation and automation, including privacy regulations, cyber security and the governance of autonomous weapons systems.

Key publications:

• Dandashly, A., & Noutcheva, G. (Eds.) (2022). Conceptualizing norm diffusion and norm contestation in the European neighbourhood: introduction to the special issue. Democratization, 29(3), 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2021.2012161
• Debre, M., & Dijkstra, H. (2021). Institutional design for a post-liberal order: why some international organizations live longer than others. European Journal of International Relations, 27(1), 311-339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066120962183
• Herranz-Surralles, A. (2021). Settling it on the multi-level parliamentary field? A fields approach to interparliamentary cooperation in foreign and security policy. West European Politics, 45(2), 262-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2020.1858609
• Schöfer, T., & Weinhardt, C. (2022). Developing-country status at the WTO: the divergent strategies of Brazil, India and China. International Affairs, 98(6), 1937-1957. https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiac227
• Segers, M. (2019). Eclipsing Atlantis: Trans‐Atlantic Multilateralism in Trade and Monetary Affairs as a Pre‐History to the Genesis of Social Market Europe (1942–1950). Journal of Common Market Studies, 57(1), 60-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12818
• Verhaegen, S., Scholte, J. A., & Tallberg, J. (2021). Explaining elite perceptions of legitimacy in global governance. European Journal of International Relations, 27(2), 622-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066121994320

Democracy never has a single meaning, but is always in flux, both as a concept and as a social and political reality. This research cluster takes as its point of departure the ever changing nature of understandings and practices of democracy. It brings together historians, political scientists, and philosophers who pool their expertise to shed light on the evolution, the dynamics, the institutional forms, and the contested nature of democracy across time and space. In doing so, scholars in this group explore democracy from regional, national, transnational and supranational perspectives. While the focus  is on democracy on the European continent writ large (both within and beyond the territorial confines of the present-day EU), scholars in this cluster are also interested in global transfers, circulations, and exchanges, including both the influence of European conceptions of democracy in other parts of the world as well as the impact of global dynamics and understandings of democracy on Europe. In taking this approach, members of this group work on:

• The changing meanings of democracy and the impact of historically moulded forms of democracy on the practice of democracy in Europe today;
• Contestations of democracy, including the history and present of anti-democratic regimes and movements, as well as the origins and impact of populism and challenges to the legitimacy of democratic systems;
• Issues of democratic legitimacy within the European Union system of governance, Euro-scepticism, the alleged democratic deficit, the impact of expertise and technocracy on the form and function of democracy, and the role of national and supranational legislatures in shaping the practice of democracy in Europe;
• The problems of democracy promotion both in Europe and across the globe;

The research also has an applied dimension as we are trying to find ways of improving current institutional expressions and practices of democracy, including e.g. the nature and possibilities of deliberative democracy.

Key publications

• Bijsmans, P., Galpin, C., & Leruth, B. (2018). 'Brexit' in transnational perspective: An analysis of newspapers in France, Germany and the Netherlands. Comparative European Politics, 16(5), 825-842. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-017-0104-z
• De Bruycker, I. (2020). Democratically deficient, yet responsive? How politicization facilitates responsiveness in the European Union. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(6), 834-852. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2019.1622587
• Del Hierro, P. (2021). The End of the Affair: The International Dispute over the Deportation of Degrelle from Spain to Belgium, 1945-1946. The International History Review, 43(4), 761-780. https://doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2020.1845777
• Van Leeuwen, K. (2018). Paving the road to ‘legal revolution’: The Dutch origins of the first preliminary references in European law (1957–1963). European Law Journal, 24(6), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/eulj.12296
• Parkinson, J., & Bächtiger, A. (2019). Mapping and measuring deliberation: Towards a new deliberative quality. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672196.001.0001
• Sierp, A., & Karner, C. (Eds.). (2019). Dividing United Europe: From Crisis to Fragmentation? Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. https://www.routledge.com/Dividing-United-Europe-From-Crisis-to-Fragmentation-1st-Edition/Sierp-Karner/p/book/9780367002558

Political attitudes and behaviour in Europe is an interdisciplinary research cluster that brings together research on societal actors in Europe, including individual citizens and nonstate actors. The research cluster focuses on topics such as political attitudes, political behaviour, representation, responsiveness, policy preferences, legitimacy, citizenship, and emotions in politics. These issues are studied on the regional, national, European, as well as the global level.

Next to its substantive focus, which is approached with a plethora of methods, this cluster explicitly also offers a platform to discuss the application of quantitative research methods. Members of the cluster are specialized in survey research, survey experiments, computational methods, and quantitative data analysis more broadly.

Members of this cluster work on issues such as:

• political participation, (monitoring) elections, European Parliament elections
• affective polarization, negative partisanship, political psychology
• social capital/cohesion, political/societal trust
• political communication, misinformation/disinformation
• interest groups, lobbying
• multilevel governance, international regime complexity, financial governance

Key publications:

• Dellmuth, L., Scholte, J. A., Tallberg, J., & Verhaegen, S. (2021). The elite-citizen gap in international organization legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055421000824
• De Bruycker, I. (2019). Blessing or curse for advocacy? How news media attention helps advocacy groups to achieve their policy goals. Political Communication, (36)1, 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.149300
• Dupuy, C., Verhaegen, S., & Van Ingelgom, V. (2020). Support for Regionalization in Federal Belgium: The Role of Political Socialization. Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjaa019
• Palacios, I., & Arnold, C. (2021). Do Spitzenkandidaten debates matter? Effects on voters' cognitions and evaluations of candidates and issues. Politics, 41(4), 486-503. https://doi.org/10.1177/02633957211015231
• Peters, F. W. C., Schmeets, H., & Vink, M. (2020). Naturalisation and immigrant earnings: why and to whom citizenship matters. European Journal of Population-Revue Europeenne de Demographie, 36(3), 511-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-019-09540-1